Ph.D

     Meaning and Scope of Research (MLA Handbook p. 3)

     Literary Research as ‘Vocation’ (Altick  pp. 15-18)

     Primary and Secondary Sources (MLA Handbook  p. 3)

     ‘Finding Materials’ (Altick  pp. 155-160)

     Identifying the research area/ selecting a topic, narrowing the focus  (MLA Handbook  pp. 6-7)

     The Research Paper as a form of Exploration         (MLA Handbook  pp. 3-5)

     The Research Paper as a form of Communication  (MLA Handbook  p. 5)  

Libraries (MLA Handbook  pp. 8-9)

     Internet for web sources  (MLA Handbook  pp. 24-26 & 28-31)

     Research centres, multimedia resources, etc.  (MLA Handbook  pp. 24-31)

     Preparing cards (for Notes: MLA Handbook pp. 38-40  &  for Bibliography: pp. 31-33)

     Close reading

     Making notes  (Altick, pp. 205-218)

• Outlining (MLA Handbook pp. 41-46)
• The Philosophy of Composition (organizing material/ ideas, developing an argument, coherence and cohesion) (Altick pp. 220-21, 223-25, 227-30, 233, 236-37, 242-44, & 246)

• Use of quoted material/ citing sources in the text (MLA Handbook pp. 213-232)
• Plagiarism (MLA Handbook pp. 52-58)
• Preparing the list of works cited (MLA Handbook pp. 123-212)
• Compiling a Working Bibliography (MLA Handbook pp. 31-33)